What the browser layer is
Vulpine browser is based on Firefox 146.0.1 and the Camoufox automation lineage. It rewrites the parts of Firefox that bot detection systems probe — WebGL parameters, font metrics, screen properties, navigator properties — to produce an OS-coherent, indistinguishable-from-real fingerprint.
It's MPL 2.0 licensed, like upstream Firefox. VulpineOS uses it as the rendering and execution surface for every agent.